Publications

D4I publishes and shares resources that support the generation and use of high-quality data for decision making. Our publications database includes D4I briefs and fact sheets, datasets, graphics and infographics, guidance and tools, journal articles, manuals, presentations, technical reports, working papers, workshop reports, plus time-tested knowledge products produced under MEASURE Evaluation.

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Recent Publications

TitleAuthorYearLanguageKeywordsAbstractShortnameDownloadRegions
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Data for Impact End of Project ReportData for Impact2025English, , , , D4I, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), has supported low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to generate and use high-quality data to improve their programs, policies, and—ultimately—health outcomes. Implemented from September 2018 through March 2025, D4I is a consortium led by the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill in partnership with Palladium, ICF, John Snow, Inc. (JSI), and Tulane University. D4I drew upon the technical expertise of its partner organizations and an extensive network of local actors and organizations in USAID’s priority countries. D4I strengthened the technical and management capacities of local actors and organizations to collect, analyze, and use data, supporting sustainable development at national, subnational, and community levels. The project assessed program effectiveness, integrated gender into all activities, supported adaptive management, and learned from evidence.TR-24-597
Every Newborn-Measurement Improvement for Newborn & Stillbirth Indicators EN-MINI-PRISM Tools for Routine Health Information Systems Bangladesh Pilot Study ReportData for Impact2025English, , , , The purpose of the Every Newborn-Measurement Improvement for Newborn and Stillbirth Indicators (EN-MINI) tools for Routine Health Information Systems (RHIS) is to enable countries to have the right data at the right time and at the right level of the healthcare system. The EN-MINI Tools are free and have ready-to-use digital data collection platforms and generate automated reports. Improving newborn data is a priority of the Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) to accelerate progress and ensure every newborn survives and thrives. The tools are organized in three categories: (1) MAP newborn data availability, (2) assess USE of newborn data for decisions, and (3) identify how to IMPROVE newborn data quality. The USE and IMPROVE tools are adapted from the Performance of Routine Information System Management (PRISM) series.TL-25-118
Évaluation de l’impact économique du paludisme sur les populations vulnérables en Côte d’IvoireData for Impact2025French, , , Le gouvernement de Côte d'Ivoire a adopté, au cours des dix dernières années, une politique de gratuité des services de santé (PGSS) à la suite de la crise politique post-électorale de 2011. Cette politique a été suivie d'autres initiatives de gratuité ciblant certaines franges de la population pour des services de santé définis, y compris les prestations de prévention et prise en charge du paludisme à travers le pays. À ce jour, l’impact de ces politiques sur les personnes vulnérables touchées par le paludisme et leur effet sur l’économie restent à mesurer. À la demande de l’Initiative du Président des États-Unis d'Amérique pour la lutte contre le paludisme (PMI) en Côte d’Ivoire, le projet Data for Impact (D4-I) a réalisé une évaluation dans ces deux domaines. Les résultats de cette évaluation devraient contribuer à mieux cibler et organiser les interventions et services en faveur des populations les plus vulnérables (notamment les femmes enceintes et les enfants de moins de cinq ans) sur lesquelles pèse le fardeau du paludisme ou celles qui n’ont pas facilement accès aux services de lutte contre cette maladie. L’étude visait à (1) évaluer l’impact économique des services de lutte contre le paludisme sur les groupes de personnes vulnérables (enfants moins de cinq ans et femmes enceintes) en Côte d’Ivoire, (2) évaluer l’efficacité des politiques de gratuité adoptées par le gouvernement de Côte d’Ivoire pour accroître ou faciliter l’accessibilité et l’utilisation des services de santé aux populations vulnérables. English version of the report. TR-24-600
Assessing the Economic Impact of Malaria on Vulnerable Populations in Côte d’IvoireData for Impact2025English, , , The government of Côte d’Ivoire has adopted a free health services policy (FHSP) over the past ten years in the aftermath of the post-election political crisis of 2011. This policy has been followed by other initiatives of free access to health services targeting certain segments of the population for specific health services, including malaria prevention and cases management throughout the country. To date, little is known about the impact of these policies on vulnerable people affected by malaria and their economic impact. At the request of the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) in Côte d’Ivoire, the Data for Impact (D4I) project conducted an assessment of the impact of these policies on vulnerable populations affected by malaria and the economic impact they entail. The results of this assessment are expected to contribute to better targeting and organizing interventions and services for the most vulnerable populations (including pregnant women and children under 5 years of age) burdened with malaria or those who do not have easy access to malaria control services. The study aimed to: (1) Assess the economic impact of malaria control services on vulnerable groups (children under 5 years of age and pregnant women) in Côte d’Ivoire, (2) Assess the effectiveness of free health services policies adopted by the Government of Côte d’Ivoire to increase or facilitate access to and use of health services for vulnerable populations. Version française du rapport.TR-24-600
Every Woman Every Newborn- Measurement Improvement for Newborn, Stillbirth & Maternal Indicators EWEN-MINSMI-PRISM Tools For Routine Health Information Systems: Tanzania Pilot Study ReportData for Impact2025English, , , , , , , The EWEN-MINSMI tools and EN-MINI tools guide priority actions to improve the availability, quality, and use of maternal, newborn and stillbirth indicators in routine health information systems. The purpose of the Every Woman Every Newborn-Measurement Improvement Newborn, Stillbirth and Maternal Indicators Tools (EWEN-MINSMI Tools) for Routine Health Information Systems (RHIS) is to enable countries to have the right data at the right time and at the right level of the healthcare system. The EWEN-MINSMI Tools are free and have ready-to-use digital data collection platforms and generate automated reports. Improving maternal and newborn data is a priority of the Every Woman Every Newborn Everywhere (EWENE) to accelerate progress and ensure every woman and newborn survives and thrives. The tools are organized in three categories: (1) MAP maternal, newborn, stillbirth data availability; (2) assess USE maternal, newborn, stillbirth DATA FOR DECISIONS; and (3) identify how to IMPROVE maternal, newborn stillbirth data QUALITY. The USE and IMPROVE tools are adapted from the Performance of Routine Information System Management (PRISM) series. This report summarizes findings for the 2024 pilot of EWEN-MINSMI-PRISM Tools 1–6 in the Tanga Region of the United Republic of Tanzania. An accompanying Map Maternal Newborn Stillbirth Data EWEN-MINSMI Tool 0 report will detail data elements for maternal, newborn and stillbirth indicators.SR-24-117
Lessons Learned from Application of the Most Significant Change (MSC) in NigeriaData for Impact2025English, , , , Data for Impact (D4I) is conducting a mixed-methods, portfolio-level evaluation of four USAID/Nigeria Health, Population and Nutrition (HPN) activities with a focus on comparing the strengths and challenges of an integrated health programming approach with a disease-focused approach (e.g., malaria).  D4I, in collaboration with local research partner Data Research and Mapping Consult Ltd. (DRMC), conducted two-day MSC workshops in Ebonyi, Kebbi, and Zamfara in July and August 2022. Most Significant Change (MSC) is an approach to monitoring and evaluation that involves assessing changes and impacts in response to a program from the perspective of (in this case) HPN activity staff, including M&E officers, state directors, specific health topic leads, State Ministry of Health staff, and World Health Organization staff. This brief describes the process and lessons learned from the application of MSC in this context.FS-24-665a
Adherence to Standards for MNH Service Delivery at Public and Private Facilities: A Multi-Country Analysis of Service Provision Assessment DataData for Impact2025English, , , , , Improving the quality of maternal and newborn health (MNH) services is crucial for addressing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Governments, donors, and partners have prioritized efforts to enhance different components of quality of care (QoC), including efficacy, safety, people-centeredness, timeliness, equity, integration, and efficiency. Both the public and private sectors play significant roles in delivering MNH services, but there is limited evidence on how facilities from these sectors adhere to World Health Organization (WHO) standards for QoC. This analysis, conducted under the Data for Impact (D4I) award, leverages Service Provision Assessment (SPA) data from 2012–2022 to evaluate the adherence of MNH service providers to WHO process standards. The study examines differences between public and private facilities, including for-profit and not-for-profit (NFP) facilities, and tracks changes over time in selected countries.TR-24-601
Rwanda Gikuriro Kuri Bose (GKB) – Inclusive Nutrition and Early Childhood Development (INECD) Mid-Project Qualitative Process EvaluationData for Impact2024English, , , The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded GKB activity is a five-year (October 1, 2021–September 30, 2026) activity implemented by Catholic Relief Services in consortium with Humanity & Inclusion, Umuhuza, Three Stones International, and University of Global Health Equity, with subpartners CARITAS, Africa Evangelical Enterprise, Young Women’s Christian Association, and Duharanira Amajyambere y’Icyaro. GKB promotes nurturing and responsive care practices, especially in the areas of health, functioning, nutrition, and early childhood development (ECD) for parents/family caregivers and children in Rwanda. GKB aims to improve health and nutrition outcomes among women of reproductive age and promote optimal infant and young child feeding practices. It also addresses child development gaps, improving rehabilitation services, and social inclusion needs for infants and children, in line with the priorities of the Government of Rwanda. In the 10 districts where it operates, GKB implements an integrated set of inclusive interventions that include providing support to families through (1) nurturing care hubs (NCHs), which provide ECD services and serve as safe places for children to learn, play, and socialize; (2) promotion of kitchen gardening to increase access to nutritious foods; (3) village nutrition schools (VNS) that provide participatory cooking demonstrations; and (4) savings and internal lending communities (SILCs) for household economic strengthening and food security. GKB engages and supports several types of community-based volunteers that collaborate with facility-based providers and local government officials to provide inclusive nutrition and ECD (INECD) services. These groups identify, refer, provide inclusive services to, and follow up with children with developmental delays or disabilities. They also engage in growth monitoring and nutrition screening to identify children with malnutrition. D4I, in collaboration with local partner Research Hub, Ltd., conducted a mid-project qualitative process evaluation of GKB. The goal of the evaluation was to understand the experiences of facility-level providers, community-based volunteers, and local government officials in delivering and supporting GKB services, as well as the experience of parents/family caregivers in participating in GKB activities to adapt and improve project activities.FS-24-718
Rwanda Gikuriro Kuri Bose (GKB) – Inclusive Nutrition and Early Childhood Development (INECD) Mid-Project Qualitative Process Evaluation Final ReportStephanie Martin, Julius Namanya, Milissa Markiewicz, Tory Taylor, Patrick Hitayezu, Emma Shyaka, Cynthia Girurugwiro, Patricia Mohoro2024English, , , The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Gikuriro Kuri Bose (GKB) – Inclusive Nutrition and Early Childhood Development (INECD) project is a five-year (October 1, 2021–September 30, 2026) activity implemented by Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in consortium with Humanity & Inclusion, Umuhuza (local organization), Three Stones International, and University of Global Health Equity, CARITAS, Africa Evangelical Enterprise, Young Women’s Christian Association, and Duharanira Amajyambere y’Icyaro. The activity operates in 10 districts in Rwanda. GKB promotes nurturing and responsive care practices, especially in the areas of health, functioning, nutrition, and early childhood development (ECD) for parents/family caregivers and children in Rwanda. Specifically, GKB aims to improve health and nutrition outcomes among women of reproductive age and improve infant and young child feeding practices. It also addresses child development gaps, improving rehabilitation services, and social inclusion needs for infants and children. The activity focuses on community-level service delivery, community-health facility linkages, and district-level capacity strengthening, including access to programs and services for children and adults with disabilities, in line with Government of Rwanda priorities.TRE-24-41
Training Tool for Nigeria HPN Evaluation – Midline Qualitative Data Collection using Most Significant Change MethodData for Impact2024English, , , , , D4I conducted workshops to gain participant perspectives about how USAID/Nigeria-supported health, population, and nutrition (HPN) Activities – specifically the Integrated Health Program (IHP), the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Breakthrough Action (BA-N), and the Global Health Supply Chain Program – Procurement and Supply Management (GHSC-PSM) – have contributed to changes in health care systems at the Federal, state, and LGA levels in Nigeria. During this workshop, participants were invited to share and document stories of significant change related to health care in their state. The goal of the workshop discussion was to identify and confirm a precise picture of the most significant change in health care systems and services as a result of the four USAID-supported HPN Activities. This training tool contains a facilitator script and notes and all activities from the workshop.FS-24-665c
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